Semi Trucks
Electric Truck Infrastructure
Megawatt Charging System (MCS) Rollout
Rollout timeline for the Megawatt Charging System (MCS), the ultra-fast standard built to recharge electric semi trucks during a rest break.
Completed
In Progress
Planned
Mar 2026
CompletedCharIN / IEC
CharIN finalizes MCS connector standard (IEC 61851-23-3) for global adoption
Feb 2026
CompletedNACFE
NACFE publishes MCS interoperability test results from Run on Less Electric fleet trials
Jan 2026
CompletedABB E-mobility
ABB E-mobility begins mass production of 1+ MW MCS chargers for depot installations
Dec 2025
CompletedDaimler Truck / DTNA
Daimler Truck opens first MCS-equipped public charging park along I-10 corridor
Nov 2025
CompletedTesla / CharIN
NACS-MCS adapter specification published enabling Tesla Semi compatibility
Sep 2025
CompletedWattEV
WattEV opens Bakersfield MCS depot with 10 chargers rated at 750 kW-1.2 MW
Jul 2025
CompletedSiemens
Siemens delivers first VersiCharge Ultra MCS units to Schneider National fleet depot
Jun 2025
CompletedSAE International
SAE publishes final J3271 MCS standard with 3.75 MW peak power specification
Apr 2025
CompletedCARB
CARB adopts Advanced Clean Fleets rule requiring MCS-readiness for new truck charging sites
Feb 2025
CompletedCharIN
CharIN MCS interoperability event at Hyundai proving grounds tests 8 charger-truck pairings
Oct 2024
CompletedHeliox
Heliox deploys 1 MW MCS prototype at Port of Rotterdam for heavy-duty drayage trucks
Jul 2024
CompletedSAE International
SAE releases J3271 draft standard for Megawatt Charging System (up to 3.75 MW)
Apr 2024
CompletedCharIN / Volvo Trucks
CharIN demonstrates first successful MCS charging session at 1 MW with Volvo truck
Jan 2024
CompletedFHWA
FHWA issues guidance allowing NEVI funds for MCS-capable corridor charging stations
Sep 2023
CompletedCharIN
CharIN publishes MCS connector pin-out specification (Rev 2.0) for industry review
May 2023
CompletedNREL
National Renewable Energy Lab publishes MCS grid impact study for truck stop deployments
EU AFIR Heavy-Duty Charging Pool Requirements
Binding TEN-T HD recharging-pool targets in Regulation 2023/1804. First milestone 31 Dec 2025: 1,400 kW pools every 120 km on 15% of the network. 2030 core: 3,600 kW every 60 km. AFIR does not require MCS.
| Deadline | Network | Spacing (km) | Pool kW | 350 kW+ points | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 31 Dec 2025 | TEN-T core and comprehensive (15% of length) | 120 | 1,400 | 1 | Each direction. First binding HD pool milestone. |
| 31 Dec 2027 | TEN-T core (50% of length) | 120 | 2,800 | 2 | Core network step-up. |
| 31 Dec 2027 | TEN-T comprehensive (50% of length) | 120 | 1,400 | 1 | Comprehensive network keeps 1,400 kW pools. |
| 31 Dec 2027 | Safe and secure truck parking | n/a | 200 | 0 | At least two publicly accessible HD points of 100 kW each per parking area. |
| 31 Dec 2030 | TEN-T core (full) | 60 | 3,600 | 2 | Denser 60 km spacing; 3,600 kW pools. |
| 31 Dec 2030 | TEN-T comprehensive (full) | 100 | 1,500 | 1 | 100 km spacing; 1,500 kW pools. |
| 31 Dec 2025 | Urban nodes | n/a | 900 | 0 | At least one 150 kW point in the 900 kW pool. |
| 31 Dec 2030 | Urban nodes | n/a | 1,800 | 0 | At least one 150 kW point in the 1,800 kW pool. |
| 31 Dec 2030 | Safe and secure truck parking | n/a | 400 | 0 | At least four 100 kW HD points per parking area. |
Europe HDV Charging Locations (EAFO, late 2025)
937 HDV charging locations, 313 with at least one 350 kW-or-higher point (the AFIR individual-point floor) and 624 below that threshold. Locations, not plugs, and not an MCS timeline.
Milence Public HD Charging Hubs
Daimler Truck, TRATON, and Volvo Group European HD charging JV. 37 operational hubs in 9 countries as of the Padborg opening (June 2026). Targets: more than 50 by end-2026 and 90 by 2028. MCS already at Antwerp, Zwolle, and Landvetter.
Public Truck Charging Networks
Public and depot charging networks for heavy-duty electric trucks (over 26,000 lbs). Power levels are maximum rated output; several operators are joint ventures like Greenlane.
| Operator | Key Locations | Ports / Chargers | Power Level | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tesla | US nationwide (Supercharger + Semi megacharger network) | 2,500+ Superchargers; 50+ megacharger ports planned | 1,000 kW | Operational | Megacharger network expanding along key freight corridors; Semi-exclusive initially |
| WattEV | Bakersfield CA, Long Beach CA, San Bernardino CA | 30+ ports across 3 depots | 1,200 kW | Operational | Truck-as-a-service model; MCS-ready depot charging for Class 8 fleets |
| Zeem Solutions | Brooklyn NY, Newark NJ, Los Angeles CA | 100+ ports across 4 depots | 240 kW | Operational | Lease-and-charge model for medium/heavy-duty fleets; last-mile focus |
| ChargePoint (fleet depot) | US and Europe; fleet depot partnerships | 1,000+ fleet ports deployed | 500 kW | Operational | CP6000 series for HD vehicles; software-defined load management |
| Electrify America (HD pilot) | Chino CA, Youngstown OH | 8 HD-capable chargers at 2 pilot sites | 350 kW | Operational | Pilot program for HD-capable stations at existing EA locations |
| Siemens eMobility (depot solutions) | US and Europe; fleet customer sites | 500+ VersiCharge units deployed to fleets | 1,000 kW | Operational | VersiCharge Ultra supports MCS; integrated grid management software |
| TeraWatt Infrastructure | TX, CA, Southeast US (12 planned sites) | 200+ chargers planned | 1,000 kW | Under Construction | Purpose-built charging depots for Class 6-8 vehicles; $1B+ in funding secured |
| Daimler Truck / DTNA (Greenlane) | Portland OR, Houston TX, I-10 corridor | 15 initial sites; 200+ chargers planned by 2027 | 750 kW | In Progress | Greenlane JV with NextEra and BlackRock; targeting major freight corridors |
| Volvo Trucks / Pilot Flying J | I-5 corridor (CA-WA), I-95 corridor (East Coast) | 50 sites planned; 5 operational | 750 kW | In Progress | Partnership with Pilot Flying J travel centers for public HD charging |
| Forum Mobility | Oakland CA, Stockton CA, Southern CA ports | 250+ chargers planned across 15 depots | 360 kW | In Progress | Focused on drayage truck depot charging near port facilities |
| NEVI Corridor Program (public) | US Interstate Highway System (all 50 states) | 5,000+ stations planned (some HD-capable) | 350 kW | In Progress | $7.5B federal program; MCS-readiness required for new builds per FHWA guidance |
| CALSTART / EnergIIZE | California statewide | 500+ chargers funded across 100+ fleets | 350 kW | In Progress | State incentive program providing vouchers for HD charging infrastructure |
HD Charging Operator Scorecard
Scorecard of heavy-duty truck charging operators by sites, MW capacity, funding, and customers, with Tesla Megacharger and LDV networks shown for context.
| Operator | Type | Sites operational | MW capacity | Funding ($M) | Key partners | Geography | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WattEV | Pure HD | 6 | ~40-50 MW (triangulated) | ~200+ | Operates own TaaS fleet (370 Tesla Semi order). Hight Logistics, IKEA via TaaS | California: ports, Inland Empire, Central Valley, NorCal (planned) | TaaS operator; combines depot charging with truck-as-a-service subscription. $75.6M federal CFI grant + Apollo/Vitol structured facility. |
| TeraWatt Infrastructure | Pure HD | 5 | Per-site disclosed (6-7 MW each); system-wide not published | 1,000+ | PepsiCo, Waymo, I-10 Coalition (C.H. Robinson, DHL, Electrolux, IKEA) | I-10 corridor (CA-AZ-NM), LA Basin, AV markets | $1.0B Series B Sept 2022 (Vision Ridge Partners) is the largest single round in the peer set. |
| Greenlane | Pure HD (JV) | 1 | ~10-15 MW (Colton flagship) | 650+ (committed) | Windrose, Nevoya; Daimler Truck OEM channel | I-15 (LA-to-Vegas), I-10 (LA-to-Phoenix), TX (Dallas/Houston planned) | Daimler Truck NA + NextEra Energy + BlackRock JV (April 2023). Colton CA flagship opened April 2025. |
| Forum Mobility | Pure HD | 1 (FM Harbor, Long Beach) | 9 MW | ~420 | Hight Logistics, Talon Logistics; ~6 customer fleets at FM Harbor | California ports (Long Beach + Oakland), drayage focus | $400M JV with CBRE IM + Homecoming + $15M Series A (Jan 2023). Targets 15 sites / 1,900 trucks by end-2027. |
| Voltera | Mixed HD + AV/Rideshare | 22 total (mostly LDV) | 115+ MW portfolio (mostly LDV) | >1,000 (estimated) | Einride (largest HD customer, Lynwood Smartcharger) | SF, Santa Monica, Dallas, Austin, Houston, Phoenix, Miami (LDV); Lynwood CA (HD) | EQT Infrastructure backed. Only 1 confirmed HD freight site (Lynwood, 65 chargers); broader 'HD' presence is narrow. |
| Tesla Megacharger | Tesla Semi only (closed-loop) | 3 publicly accessible (May 2026) | 5-10 MW per site typical; 1.2 MW per stall (MCS) | Internal to Tesla, Inc. | PepsiCo, Frito-Lay, Walmart, Costco, Sysco, DHL, WattEV (370-truck order) | TX (19 planned), CA (17), spread across 15 US states; 66 total on roadmap | Proprietary MCS variant; third-party fleets cannot use. Tesla Semi-exclusive. Pilot Flying J partnership (Jan 2026) covers 5 states with summer 2026 openings. |
| Electrify America (HD subset) | Mixed LDV + HD pilots | 2 HD-specific (NFI Ontario CA + 4 Gen Logistics Rialto CA) | NFI 7 MW, 4 Gen ~5 MW (HD subset) | VW Dieselgate consent decree (~$2B total commitment, not HD-specific) | NFI Industries, 4 Gen Logistics | SoCal port drayage (HD subset) | Primarily LDV operator (1,000 sites, 4,500 fast chargers). HD presence is two SoCal pilot projects. LDV comparator; not a primary HD player. |
| IONITY (EU comparator) | Primarily LDV (HPC accessible to HD via 350 kW) | ~700+ HPC sites across 24 EU countries (LDV) | 350 kW typical max per stall | ~€700M (cumulative OEM injections) | No HD truck-specific partners; primarily LDV roaming network | EU + UK + Norway + Switzerland | Automaker JV (BMW, Ford, Hyundai, Mercedes-Benz, VW Group). LDV comparator; HD presence incidental. Milence (Daimler+TRATON+Volvo JV) is Europe's actual HD-truck equivalent and is missing from this table. |
US Highway Programs with MHD Charging Eligibility
NEVI is a $5B light-duty corridor formula; August 2025 FHWA guidance lets states spend it on MHD once LDV corridors are judged sufficient. California is putting over $148M of NEVI toward MHD. CFI has had no new round since January 2025.
| Program | Amount | MHD relevance | Status | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NEVI formula (IIJA) | $5B | Eligible after LDV corridor coverage, per Aug 2025 FHWA guidance | Active (guidance revised 2025) | Five-year $5B formula to states. Originally LDV AFC focus; MHD now explicitly in scope once states say corridors are built out. |
| NEVI FY2026 apportionment | $885M | Same as NEVI formula; depends on each state plan | FY2026 plans | About $885M set-aside reported for FY2026. Obligation requires an accepted state plan. |
| California NEVI MHD (CEC Rounds 4-5) | $148M | Dedicated MHD truck charging | Solicitations 2026 | CEC: over $148M NEVI to MHD. Round 4 $69.5M Northern/Central (21 Jan 2026); Round 5 $79M Southern (5 Feb 2026). |
| Illinois NEVI Round 3 | $65M | LDV plus MHD; MHD sites near interstates, preference I-80 | NOFO Dec 2025 | IDOT Round 3 NOFO. I-80 is on the National Zero-Emission Freight Corridor Strategy phase one. |
| CFI discretionary (IIJA) | $2.5B | Community and corridor grants; some HD awards in earlier rounds | No new round since Jan 2025 | NASEO June 2026: no new CFI NOFO since January 2025; no estimated date as of May 2026. |
Charging Infrastructure Investment
Total capital committed to truck-charging buildout: $17B+ in federal programs (NEVI, EPA Clean Ports, DOE H2 Hubs) plus $30B+ from private investors.
| Program | Funding Type | Total Allocation | Truck-Specific | Timeline | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DOE Regional Clean H2 Hubs (HD portion) | Federal Grant | $7.0B | $2.1B | 2023-2030 | 7 hubs selected; ~30% of funding directed to HD truck hydrogen infrastructure |
| NEVI Formula Program | Federal Grant | $5.0B | $1.2B | 2022-2026 | FHWA froze funds in early 2025; freeze ruled unlawful and funds restored (FY2026 ~$885M to states); HD charging eligible; MCS-readiness required for new builds |
| EU Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR) | Regulatory Mandate | $5.0B | $2.0B | 2024-2030 | Requires HD charging every 120 km on TEN-T core network by 2028 |
| EPA Clean Ports Program | Federal Grant | $3.0B | $1.5B | 2024-2027 | Zero-emission port equipment and drayage truck charging infrastructure |
| FHWA Corridor Charging (CFI-Corridor) | Federal Grant | $2.5B | $500M | 2022-2026 | Discretionary grants for EV charging along designated corridors; HD eligible |
| Greenlane JV (Daimler/NextEra/BlackRock) | Private Investment | $1.6B | $1.6B | 2024-2030 | US public charging network for medium- and heavy-duty EVs |
| DOE Commercial Vehicle Charging Program | Federal Grant | $1.0B | $1.0B | 2024-2028 | Dedicated to MHD zero-emission vehicle charging and H2 fueling |
| TeraWatt Infrastructure (Series A+B) | Private Investment | $1.0B | $1.0B | 2023-2028 | Purpose-built truck charging depots across US |
| California EnergIIZE Program | State Incentive | $700M | $700M | 2022-2026 | Voucher-based incentives for zero-emission truck and bus infrastructure |
| CARB HVIP (Infrastructure Add-on) | State Incentive | $600M | $400M | 2023-2027 | Infrastructure vouchers bundled with HD vehicle purchase incentives |
| Forum Mobility (Series B) | Private Investment | $400M | $400M | 2024-2028 | Drayage truck depot charging near major port facilities in CA |
| WattEV (Series C) | Private Investment | $68M | $68M | 2024-2026 | Depot charging expansion for truck-as-a-service model in California |
Hydrogen Fueling Network
Hydrogen refueling stations for FCEV (fuel cell electric vehicle) trucks, which run on hydrogen rather than plug-in batteries. The public network remains thin.
Hydrogen Fueling Stations
| Location | Operator | Capacity (kg/day) | Status | HD Capable | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Long Beach, CA (Port) | FirstElement Fuel | 1,500 | Operational | ✓ | Largest HD-capable station in US; serves drayage trucks at port |
| Ontario, CA (Inland Empire) | Shell Hydrogen | 1,200 | Operational | ✓ | High-flow H70 dispensers for Class 8 trucks on I-10 corridor |
| Wilmington, CA (Port of LA) | Toyota / Air Liquide | 1,200 | Operational | ✓ | Tri-gen facility produces hydrogen on-site from biogas |
| Oakland, CA (Port) | FirstElement Fuel | 900 | Under Construction | ✓ | Paired with NorCal ZANZEFF drayage project; opening mid-2026 |
| Joliet, IL (I-80 corridor) | Nikola / HYLA | 800 | Operational | ✓ | First Midwest HD hydrogen station; serves Nikola Tre FCEV fleets |
| Houston, TX (Ship Channel) | Air Products | 2,000 | Under Construction | ✓ | Part of Gulf Coast hydrogen hub; blue hydrogen from SMR with CCS |
| Rotterdam, Netherlands (Europoort) | Shell / HyTrucks | 3,000 | Under Construction | ✓ | Europe's largest planned HD hydrogen station; green H2 from offshore wind |
| Duisburg, Germany (Logport) | H2 Mobility / Linde | 1,500 | Planned | ✓ | Located at Europe's largest inland port; part of H2 Mobility DE network |
| Colton, CA (BNSF rail yard) | Nikola / HYLA | 600 | Operational | ✓ | Serves intermodal drayage fleets between port and rail yard |
| Nagoya, Japan (Port) | Toyota / Iwatani | 1,800 | Operational | ✓ | Japan's first commercial HD hydrogen station; Toyota fuel cell trucks |
DOE Regional Clean Hydrogen Hubs
| Hub / Region | Lead Operators | DOE Funding | Status | HD Truck Focus | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appalachian (ARCH2) | Battelle, EQT, Marathon Petroleum | $925M | Awarded | Medium | Hydrogen from natural gas with CCS in WV, OH, PA region |
| California (ARCHES) | UC System, SoCalGas, LADWP | $1.2B | Awarded | High | Renewable hydrogen targeting 30% of state's HD truck fueling by 2035 |
| Gulf Coast (HyVelocity) | Air Liquide, Chevron, ExxonMobil | $1.2B | Awarded | Medium | Leverages existing Gulf Coast H2 pipeline network; blue and green H2 |
| Heartland (Minnesota) | Xcel Energy, University of Minnesota | $925M | Awarded | Low | Green hydrogen from wind energy for fertilizer and industrial use |
| Mid-Atlantic (MACH2) | US Steel, Air Liquide, Orsted | $750M | Awarded | Medium | Renewable hydrogen for industrial decarbonization and transportation |
| Midwest (MachH2) | BP, Indiana Energy Association | $1.0B | Awarded | High | Steel, transport, and distributed power; I-65/I-70 truck corridor |
| Pacific Northwest (PNWH2) | GTI Energy, Plug Power, Puget Sound Energy | $1.0B | Awarded | Medium | Green hydrogen from hydro and wind for transport, ports, and industry |
Dispensed Hydrogen Price by Market
Pump or contract prices, not production cost. California light-duty retail is in the low $30s/kg. California heavy-duty is mostly $7 to $15/kg contract. DOE HD dispensed target is $7/kg by 2028. Germany public retail about EUR 12 to 19/kg.
DOE Hydrogen Hubs: Heavy-Duty Truck Relevance
ARCHES (California) and the Pacific Northwest hub were terminated in October 2025. ARCHES had planned 5,000-plus fuel-cell trucks; that is not a live federal project. Five hubs were listed as retained in April 2026. MACH2 is the clearest HD-transportation hub.
| Hub | Federal cap | HD truck focus | Status | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ARCHES (California) | $1.2B | High (plan: 5,000+ FCEV trucks, 60 HD stations) | Terminated Oct 2025 | Only about $30M Phase 1 disbursed of up to $1.2B. Port and drayage use case. Not a live DOE award. |
| Pacific Northwest | $1B | Medium (regional freight + ports in original concept) | Terminated Oct 2025 | About $27.5M Phase 1 disbursed. Oregon, Washington, Montana. |
| HyVelocity (Gulf Coast) | $1.2B | Medium (Gulf freight, refining, ports) | Retained Apr 2026 | Texas Gulf. Exxon and partners in public materials. Phase 1 delayed vs original calendar. |
| ARCH2 (Appalachia) | $0.925B | Low to medium (blue H2 with CCS; industrial offtake first) | Retained Apr 2026 | West Virginia, Ohio, Pennsylvania. EQT among partners. |
| MachH2 (Midwest) | $1B | Low to medium (steel, refining; some mobility) | Retained Apr 2026 | Illinois, Indiana, Michigan. |
| MACH2 (Mid-Atlantic) | $0.75B | High (DOE fact sheet: heavy-duty transportation) | Retained Apr 2026 | Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey. HD mobility is explicit in federal materials. |
| Heartland | $0.925B | Low (fertilizer / agriculture first) | Retained Apr 2026 | Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota. Not a truck-corridor hub. |
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