Electricity Load Growth by Utility
US Electricity Demand, 1990 to 2026
Annual US net generation in TWh: four decades of growth, a fifteen-year plateau from 2007, and the record-setting inflection now underway. 2025 is EIA's preliminary total and 2026 is an EIA projection.
Retail Sales by Customer Class
Who is buying the new kilowatt-hours. Commercial sales, the class that includes most data-center load, closed to within 16 TWh of residential in 2025: 1,503 TWh versus 1,519 TWh.
Five-Year Peak Demand Forecast Revisions
The same question, asked three years in a row: how much will US peak demand grow over the next five years? Grid planner forecasts compiled by Grid Strategies roughly quintupled between 2022 and 2024.
By year the forecast was compiled.
Interconnection Queues by Resource
Roughly 2.6 TW of generation and storage waited in US interconnection queues at the end of 2023, more than twice the installed US fleet. Solar and storage dominate; historically most queued capacity never gets built.
Utility-Disclosed Large-Load Pipelines
What roster utilities say is coming, in their own numbers. Definitions differ by company (signed commitments vs interconnection requests vs planning pipelines), so rows are not comparable with each other.
Dominion EnergyD
~40 GW
Data-center capacity in substation planning or construction phases across its contracting pipeline (December 2024 disclosure)
Virginia
American Electric PowerAEP
>20 GW
Signed customer commitment letters for incremental load by the end of the decade, concentrated in Ohio, Texas, and Indiana
Ohio, Texas, Indiana
American Electric PowerAEP
69 GW
Q2 2026: total contracted load growth through 2030 under signed load agreements with hyperscalers, data centers and industrials; up from 56 GW (Q4 2025 release) and 63 GW (Q1 2026 release). A wider, redefined basis than the signed-commitment-letter row above
AEP footprint, primarily Texas
PPL CorporationPPL
>10 GW
Data-center interconnection requests in advanced stages in its Pennsylvania service territory
Pennsylvania (PJM)
PPL CorporationPPL
31.8 GW
Q2 2026: PPL Electric Utilities data-center pipeline in advanced stages of planning (same basis as the row above), of which over 11 GW is under signed electric service agreements and more than 6.5 GW is under construction
Pennsylvania (PJM)
Southern CompanySO
~8 GW
Georgia Power incremental load pipeline through the mid-2030s, most of it large load, per Georgia PSC filings
Georgia
Southern CompanySO
~16 GW
Q2 2026: contracts signed since 2023 with new data centers and other large-load customers, each over 100 MW: about 11 GW reviewed by state commissions plus about 5 GW agreed and awaiting review. Ramps over several years, service through 2028. Covers all three traditional electric operating companies, wider than the Georgia-only row above
Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi
EntergyETR
>2 GW
Meta's Richland Parish campus alone; Entergy is building roughly 2.3 GW of new gas generation approved for it in late 2025
Louisiana
WEC Energy GroupWEC
>1.8 GW
Expected data-center demand in southeast Wisconsin anchored by Microsoft's Mount Pleasant campus
Wisconsin
EvergyEVRG
>1 GW
Announced economic development load including Panasonic's De Soto plant, Google, and Meta data-center projects
Kansas, Missouri
EvergyEVRG
~2.6 GW
2026 (Q2 10-Q): electric service agreements signed in 2026 with data-center customers, three new projects and two expansions, projected peak steady-state load of about 2,600 MW, service from 2026 to 2028. Signed agreements, not announced load
Kansas, Missouri
ExelonEXC
~11 GW
Q2 2026: 'high probability' data-center load in advanced phases of design or backed by FERC-approved transmission security agreements, about 9 GW at ComEd and about 2 GW in the Mid-Atlantic. A further ~25 GW (ComEd ~17 GW, Mid-Atlantic ~8 GW) is future pipeline within current or future cluster studies
Illinois, Mid-Atlantic (PJM)
Oncor (Sempra)SRE
298 GW
Q2 2026: Oncor's large-load interconnection queue, 737 requests: about 282 GW from data centers and over 16 GW from other industrial load. A request queue, the speculative end of the definitions spectrum, and inside ERCOT's roughly 474 GW; about 44 GW is expected to be eligible for ERCOT's Batch Zero process
Texas (ERCOT)
| Utility | Disclosed figure | What the figure counts |
|---|---|---|
| Dominion EnergyD | ~40 GW | Data-center capacity in substation planning or construction phases across its contracting pipeline (December 2024 disclosure) |
| American Electric PowerAEP | >20 GW | Signed customer commitment letters for incremental load by the end of the decade, concentrated in Ohio, Texas, and Indiana |
| American Electric PowerAEP | 69 GW | Q2 2026: total contracted load growth through 2030 under signed load agreements with hyperscalers, data centers and industrials; up from 56 GW (Q4 2025 release) and 63 GW (Q1 2026 release). A wider, redefined basis than the signed-commitment-letter row above |
| PPL CorporationPPL | >10 GW | Data-center interconnection requests in advanced stages in its Pennsylvania service territory |
| PPL CorporationPPL | 31.8 GW | Q2 2026: PPL Electric Utilities data-center pipeline in advanced stages of planning (same basis as the row above), of which over 11 GW is under signed electric service agreements and more than 6.5 GW is under construction |
| Southern CompanySO | ~8 GW | Georgia Power incremental load pipeline through the mid-2030s, most of it large load, per Georgia PSC filings |
| Southern CompanySO | ~16 GW | Q2 2026: contracts signed since 2023 with new data centers and other large-load customers, each over 100 MW: about 11 GW reviewed by state commissions plus about 5 GW agreed and awaiting review. Ramps over several years, service through 2028. Covers all three traditional electric operating companies, wider than the Georgia-only row above |
| EntergyETR | >2 GW | Meta's Richland Parish campus alone; Entergy is building roughly 2.3 GW of new gas generation approved for it in late 2025 |
| WEC Energy GroupWEC | >1.8 GW | Expected data-center demand in southeast Wisconsin anchored by Microsoft's Mount Pleasant campus |
| EvergyEVRG | >1 GW | Announced economic development load including Panasonic's De Soto plant, Google, and Meta data-center projects |
| EvergyEVRG | ~2.6 GW | 2026 (Q2 10-Q): electric service agreements signed in 2026 with data-center customers, three new projects and two expansions, projected peak steady-state load of about 2,600 MW, service from 2026 to 2028. Signed agreements, not announced load |
| ExelonEXC | ~11 GW | Q2 2026: 'high probability' data-center load in advanced phases of design or backed by FERC-approved transmission security agreements, about 9 GW at ComEd and about 2 GW in the Mid-Atlantic. A further ~25 GW (ComEd ~17 GW, Mid-Atlantic ~8 GW) is future pipeline within current or future cluster studies |
| Oncor (Sempra)SRE | 298 GW | Q2 2026: Oncor's large-load interconnection queue, 737 requests: about 282 GW from data centers and over 16 GW from other industrial load. A request queue, the speculative end of the definitions spectrum, and inside ERCOT's roughly 474 GW; about 44 GW is expected to be eligible for ERCOT's Batch Zero process |
Where the New Demand Comes From
Modeled decomposition of incremental US consumption by 2028: data centers dominate the near-term wedge, with manufacturing reshoring and the electrification of transport and buildings as the slower second leg.
Commercial Sales Growth in Data-Center States
Delivered commercial kilowatt-hours, 2023 versus 2024. Nevada, Arizona, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Georgia, and Virginia posted the largest jumps among major roster states. Texas commercial was flat; the Texas increase landed in industrial.