Battery Production Capacity Expansion
Annual nameplate capacity, the max a factory can produce if it runs at 100%, by top cell manufacturers, in GWh (gigawatt-hours per year). CATL and BYD lead China; LG/Samsung/SK supply Korea/US; the industry is racing toward 2+ TWh of total capacity by 2026.
Updated at 2026-05-06
EV Battery Cell Shipments by Manufacturer (Annual)
What each top cell maker actually shipped in GWh, 2023-2025. CATL dominates at 465 GWh in 2025 (vs BYD 195, LGES 109). Chinese makers continue gaining share; Northvolt collapsed Nov 2024.
| Manufacturer | Ticker | 2023 (GWh) | 2024 (GWh) | 2025 (GWh) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CATL | 300750.SZ | 259.7 | 339.3 | 464.7 | Global #1 by a wide margin. ~70% LFP chemistry. SNE EV-only; CATL's total cell production including ESS (Tener line) is materially higher (~700 GWh in 2025). |
| BYD | 1211.HK | 111.4 | 153.7 | 194.8 | ~100% LFP. Vertically integrated: most output goes into BYD's own EVs. External cell sales are growing but still secondary. |
| LG Energy Solution | 373220.KS | 95.8 | 96.3 | 108.8 | ~100% NMC. Top non-Chinese cell maker. Customers: GM (Ultium JV), Hyundai-Kia, Ford, Tesla, Stellantis. |
| Panasonic Energy | 6752.T / PCRFY | n/d | 35.1 | 44.2 | Nevada Gigafactory + Wakayama. ~100% NMC cylindrical for Tesla (2170 + future 4680). 2023 SNE EV-only ranking not disclosed cleanly. |
| Samsung SDI | 006400.KS | n/d | 29.6 | 28.9 | ~100% NMC. JVs with Stellantis (StarPlus) and GM (Ultium follow-on). 2025 was first year of declining shipments as customers shifted to LFP. |
| SK On | private (096770.KS parent) | n/d | 39.0 | 44.5 | Spun from SK Innovation Oct 2021. Customers: Ford (BlueOval), Hyundai, Volkswagen. Persistent operating losses but volume continues to grow. |
| CALB | 3931.HK | n/d | 39.4 | 62.8 | China #4-5. Major LFP supplier to GAC, Geely, Xiaomi. Hong Kong listed late 2022. |
| Gotion High-Tech | 002074.SZ | n/d | 28.5 | 53.5 | VW partnership (VW owns ~25%). 2025 nearly doubled YoY on European demand. |
| EVE Energy | 300014.SZ | n/d | 20.3 | 31.3 | Mixed EV + ESS exposure. SNE EV-only ranking understates total cell production (ESS is large at EVE). |
| Sunwoda Electronic | 300207.SZ | n/d | 18.8 | n/d | Smaller Chinese player. 2025 ranking dropped out of SNE EV top-10. |
| REPT Battero | 0666.HK | n/d | n/d | n/d | CATL spin-off, HK-listed 2024. Majority is ESS not EV; SNE EV-only rankings exclude REPT. FY 2025 total cell shipments 82.7 GWh per company disclosure (EV + ESS combined). |
| Northvolt | private (bankrupt Nov 2024) | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.0 | European hopeful. Chapter 11 in US Nov 21 2024; Swedish bankruptcy Mar 12 2025. Effectively never shipped at scale (~1 GWh in 2024 vs 16 GWh nameplate). |
Updated at 2026-05-28
Global Battery Gigafactory Map
38 notable EV battery gigafactories by operator, with nameplate capacity, status, and chemistry, including the major US JV stories and Northvolt's failed plants.
| Operator | Facility | Location | GWh/yr | Status | Chemistry | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CATL | Ningde Base | Ningde, Fujian, China | 120 | Operational | NMC + LFP | 2017 |
| CATL | Yibin Base | Yibin, Sichuan, China | 75 | Operational (phased) | LFP | 2021 |
| CATL | Debrecen | Debrecen, Hungary | 100 | Construction (early 2026) | NMC + LFP | 2026 |
| CATL | Liyang Base | Liyang, Jiangsu, China | 40 | Operational | NMC + LFP | 2019 |
| CATL + Stellantis JV | Zaragoza (LFP JV) | Zaragoza, Spain | 50 | Construction (end-2026) | LFP | 2026 |
| CATL | Arnstadt (Thuringia) | Arnstadt, Germany | 14 | Operational | NMC | 2022 |
| BYD (Fudi) | Wuwei Base (export-focused) | Wuwei, Anhui, China | 40 | Operational + expansion | LFP (Blade) | 2021 |
| BYD (Fudi) | Xining Base | Xining, Qinghai, China | 24 | Operational | LFP | 2018 |
| BYD (Fudi) | Chongqing (Bishan) | Chongqing, China | 20 | Operational | LFP (Blade) | 2021 |
| BYD (Fudi) | Changsha (Ningxiang) | Changsha, Hunan, China | 20 | Operational (Ph1 10 GWh live) | LFP (Blade) | 2022 |
| BYD (Fudi) | Xuzhou Na-ion | Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China | 30 | Announced | Na-ion | - |
| LG Energy Solution | Nanjing + Binjiang (full target) | Nanjing, China | 145 | Operational | NMC | 2018 |
| LGES + GM (Ultium) | Ultium TN + OH (paused early-2026) | Spring Hill TN + Warren OH, USA | 80 | Operational (paused for upgrades) | NMC | 2022 |
| LG Energy Solution | Wroclaw | Wroclaw, Poland | 86 | Operational | NMC + LFP | 2018 |
| LG Energy Solution | Queen Creek (Arizona) | Queen Creek, AZ, USA | 53 | Construction (Op. 2026) | NMC cyl. + LFP ESS | 2026 |
| LGES (acquired GM stake) | Ultium Lansing | Lansing, MI, USA | 50 | Operational / transitioning | NMC | 2024 |
| Honda (LGES selling stake) | LGES-Honda Ohio | Jeffersonville, OH, USA | 40 | Construction (Op. 2026) | NMC | 2026 |
| LGES + Hyundai JV | HL-GA (HMGMA-adjacent) | Bryan County, GA, USA | 30 | Construction (Op. Apr 2026, post-delay) | NMC | 2026 |
| Panasonic Energy + Tesla | Gigafactory Nevada | Sparks, NV, USA | 41 | Operational | NMC (1865 + 2170) | 2017 |
| Panasonic Energy | De Soto, Kansas | De Soto, KS, USA | 32 | Operational (mass prod. Jul 2025) | NMC (2170) | 2025 |
| Samsung SDI | Göd (Hungary) | Göd, Hungary | 40 | Operational (expanding for prismatic) | NMC prismatic | 2018 |
| Samsung SDI + Stellantis (StarPlus JV) | StarPlus Kokomo I | Kokomo, IN, USA | 33 | Operational (full lines Q1 2025) | NMC prismatic | 2025 |
| Samsung SDI + Stellantis (StarPlus JV) | StarPlus Kokomo II | Kokomo, IN, USA | 34 | Construction (Op. early 2027) | NMC + LFP | 2027 |
| SK On + Ford JV (dissolved May 2026) | BlueOval SK Glendale (twin) | Glendale, KY, USA | 86 | Op./Partial idle (Ph2 delayed) | NMC | 2025 |
| SK On | BlueOval City (Stanton TN) | Stanton, TN, USA | 43 | Construction (Op. 2028, post-JV dissolution) | NMC + ESS planned | 2028 |
| SK On + Hyundai JV | Hyundai-SK Bartow | Bartow County, GA, USA | 35 | Construction (Op. H2 2025) | NMC | 2025 |
| SK On | Iváncsa (Hungary 3) | Iváncsa, Hungary | 30 | Operational (commercial late 2024) | NMC | 2024 |
| CALB | Chengdu Base | Chengdu, Sichuan, China | 50 | Operational (phased) | NMC + LFP | 2022 |
| CALB | Sines, Portugal | Sines, Portugal | 15 | Construction (Op. 2028) | NMC + LFP | 2028 |
| Gotion | Manteno, Illinois | Manteno, IL, USA | 40 | Construction | LFP | 2026 |
| Gotion | Big Rapids, Michigan | Big Rapids, MI, USA | 30 | CANCELLED (Oct 2025) | LFP | - |
| EVE Energy | Debrecen, Hungary | Debrecen, Hungary | 28 | Construction (Op. 2027) | NMC 46-series | 2027 |
| Sunwoda | Nyiregyhaza | Nyiregyhaza, Hungary | 20 | Construction (Op. end-2026) | NMC | 2026 |
| Northvolt (acquired by Lyten Aug 2025) | Ett (Skellefteå) | Skellefteå, Sweden | 30 | CLOSED Jun 2025 (Lyten restart TBD) | NMC → Li-S planned | - |
| Northvolt (acquired by Lyten) | Drei (Heide) | Heide, Germany | 60 | STALLED (Lyten review) | TBD | - |
| Tesla (captive) | Gigafactory Nevada (4680) | Sparks, NV, USA | 100 | Operational (ramping) | NMC (4680) | 2022 |
| Tesla (captive) | Gigafactory Texas | Austin, TX, USA | 100 | Operational (ramping) | NMC (4680) | 2023 |
| Tesla (captive) | Giga Berlin (cell line) | Grünheide, Germany | 18 | Construction (Op. H1 2027) | NMC (4680) | 2027 |
Updated at May 2026
Battery Cell Format Comparison
The four EV battery cell formats (prismatic, cylindrical, pouch, blade) compared on energy density, cost, cycle life, and manufacturers.
| Format | Energy Density | Cost/kWh | Cycle Life | Key Users | Pros | Cons |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prismatic | 200–280 Wh/kg | $85–110 | 2,000–6,000 cycles | CATL, BYD, Samsung SDI, CALB | High packing efficiency, good structural rigidity, easy CTP/CTC integration | Swelling under cycling, more complex manufacturing than cylindrical |
| Cylindrical | 250–300 Wh/kg | $80–105 | 1,500–4,000 cycles | Panasonic, LG, Samsung SDI, Tesla, EVE Energy | Mature manufacturing, excellent energy density, good safety (small individual cell failure impact) | Lower packing efficiency (round in square space), complex wiring for large packs |
| Pouch | 230–300 Wh/kg | $90–120 | 1,500–3,500 cycles | LG Energy Solution, SK On | Flexible form factor, lightest packaging, excellent thermal management | Requires structural support, swelling risk, more expensive packaging |
| Blade (LFP) | 150–180 Wh/kg | $60–80 | 4,000–8,000+ cycles | BYD (exclusive) | Exceptional safety, lowest cost, longest cycle life, structural battery integration | Lower energy density than NMC, BYD proprietary format |
Updated at 2026-05-29