Batteries
EV Battery Cells & Packs
Battery Production Capacity Expansion
Annual nameplate capacity, the max a factory can produce if it runs at 100%, by top cell manufacturers, in GWh (gigawatt-hours per year). CATL and BYD lead China; LG/Samsung/SK supply Korea/US; the industry is racing toward 2+ TWh of total capacity by 2026.
EV Battery Cell Shipments by Manufacturer (Annual)
What each top cell maker actually shipped in GWh, 2023-2025. CATL dominates at 465 GWh in 2025 (vs BYD 195, LGES 109). Chinese makers continue gaining share; Northvolt collapsed Nov 2024.
| Manufacturer | Ticker | 2023 (GWh) | 2024 (GWh) | 2025 (GWh) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CATL | 300750.SZ | 259.7 | 339.3 | 464.7 | Global #1 by a wide margin. ~70% LFP chemistry. SNE EV-only; CATL's total cell production including ESS (Tener line) is materially higher (~700 GWh in 2025). |
| BYD | 1211.HK | 111.4 | 153.7 | 194.8 | ~100% LFP. Vertically integrated: most output goes into BYD's own EVs. External cell sales are growing but still secondary. |
| LG Energy Solution | 373220.KS | 95.8 | 96.3 | 108.8 | ~100% NMC. Top non-Chinese cell maker. Customers: GM (Ultium JV), Hyundai-Kia, Ford, Tesla, Stellantis. |
| Panasonic Energy | 6752.T / PCRFY | n/d | 35.1 | 44.2 | Nevada Gigafactory + Wakayama. ~100% NMC cylindrical for Tesla (2170 + future 4680). 2023 SNE EV-only ranking not disclosed cleanly. |
| Samsung SDI | 006400.KS | n/d | 29.6 | 28.9 | ~100% NMC. JVs with Stellantis (StarPlus) and GM (Ultium follow-on). 2025 was first year of declining shipments as customers shifted to LFP. |
| SK On | private (096770.KS parent) | n/d | 39.0 | 44.5 | Spun from SK Innovation Oct 2021. Customers: Ford (BlueOval), Hyundai, Volkswagen. Persistent operating losses but volume continues to grow. |
| CALB | 3931.HK | n/d | 39.4 | 62.8 | China #4-5. Major LFP supplier to GAC, Geely, Xiaomi. Hong Kong listed late 2022. |
| Gotion High-Tech | 002074.SZ | n/d | 28.5 | 53.5 | VW partnership (VW owns ~25%). 2025 nearly doubled YoY on European demand. |
| EVE Energy | 300014.SZ | n/d | 20.3 | 31.3 | Mixed EV + ESS exposure. SNE EV-only ranking understates total cell production (ESS is large at EVE). |
| Sunwoda Electronic | 300207.SZ | n/d | 18.8 | n/d | Smaller Chinese player. 2025 ranking dropped out of SNE EV top-10. |
| REPT Battero | 0666.HK | n/d | n/d | n/d | CATL spin-off, HK-listed 2024. Majority is ESS not EV; SNE EV-only rankings exclude REPT. FY 2025 total cell shipments 82.7 GWh per company disclosure (EV + ESS combined). |
| Northvolt | private (bankrupt Nov 2024) | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.0 | European hopeful. Chapter 11 in US Nov 21 2024; Swedish bankruptcy Mar 12 2025. Effectively never shipped at scale (~1 GWh in 2024 vs 16 GWh nameplate). |
Global Battery Gigafactory Map
38 notable EV battery gigafactories by operator, with nameplate capacity, status, and chemistry, including the major US JV stories and Northvolt's failed plants.
| Operator | Facility | Location | GWh/yr | Status | Chemistry | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CATL | Ningde Base | Ningde, Fujian, China | 120 | Operational | NMC + LFP | 2017 |
| CATL | Yibin Base | Yibin, Sichuan, China | 75 | Operational (phased) | LFP | 2021 |
| CATL | Debrecen | Debrecen, Hungary | 100 | Construction (early 2026) | NMC + LFP | 2026 |
| CATL | Liyang Base | Liyang, Jiangsu, China | 40 | Operational | NMC + LFP | 2019 |
| CATL + Stellantis JV | Zaragoza (LFP JV) | Zaragoza, Spain | 50 | Construction (end-2026) | LFP | 2026 |
| CATL | Arnstadt (Thuringia) | Arnstadt, Germany | 14 | Operational | NMC | 2022 |
| BYD (Fudi) | Wuwei Base (export-focused) | Wuwei, Anhui, China | 40 | Operational + expansion | LFP (Blade) | 2021 |
| BYD (Fudi) | Xining Base | Xining, Qinghai, China | 24 | Operational | LFP | 2018 |
| BYD (Fudi) | Chongqing (Bishan) | Chongqing, China | 20 | Operational | LFP (Blade) | 2021 |
| BYD (Fudi) | Changsha (Ningxiang) | Changsha, Hunan, China | 20 | Operational (Ph1 10 GWh live) | LFP (Blade) | 2022 |
| BYD (Fudi) | Xuzhou Na-ion | Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China | 30 | Announced | Na-ion | - |
| LG Energy Solution | Nanjing + Binjiang (full target) | Nanjing, China | 145 | Operational | NMC | 2018 |
| LGES + GM (Ultium) | Ultium TN + OH (paused early-2026) | Spring Hill TN + Warren OH, USA | 80 | Operational (paused for upgrades) | NMC | 2022 |
| LG Energy Solution | Wroclaw | Wroclaw, Poland | 86 | Operational | NMC + LFP | 2018 |
| LG Energy Solution | Queen Creek (Arizona) | Queen Creek, AZ, USA | 53 | Construction (Op. 2026) | NMC cyl. + LFP ESS | 2026 |
| LGES (acquired GM stake) | Ultium Lansing | Lansing, MI, USA | 50 | Operational / transitioning | NMC | 2024 |
| Honda (LGES selling stake) | LGES-Honda Ohio | Jeffersonville, OH, USA | 40 | Construction (Op. 2026) | NMC | 2026 |
| LGES + Hyundai JV | HL-GA (HMGMA-adjacent) | Bryan County, GA, USA | 30 | Construction (Op. Apr 2026, post-delay) | NMC | 2026 |
| Panasonic Energy + Tesla | Gigafactory Nevada | Sparks, NV, USA | 41 | Operational | NMC (1865 + 2170) | 2017 |
| Panasonic Energy | De Soto, Kansas | De Soto, KS, USA | 32 | Operational (mass prod. Jul 2025) | NMC (2170) | 2025 |
| Samsung SDI | Göd (Hungary) | Göd, Hungary | 40 | Operational (expanding for prismatic) | NMC prismatic | 2018 |
| Samsung SDI + Stellantis (StarPlus JV) | StarPlus Kokomo I | Kokomo, IN, USA | 33 | Operational (full lines Q1 2025) | NMC prismatic | 2025 |
| Samsung SDI + Stellantis (StarPlus JV) | StarPlus Kokomo II | Kokomo, IN, USA | 34 | Construction (Op. early 2027) | NMC + LFP | 2027 |
| SK On + Ford JV (dissolved May 2026) | BlueOval SK Glendale (twin) | Glendale, KY, USA | 86 | Op./Partial idle (Ph2 delayed) | NMC | 2025 |
| SK On | BlueOval City (Stanton TN) | Stanton, TN, USA | 43 | Construction (Op. 2028, post-JV dissolution) | NMC + ESS planned | 2028 |
| SK On + Hyundai JV | Hyundai-SK Bartow | Bartow County, GA, USA | 35 | Construction (Op. H2 2025) | NMC | 2025 |
| SK On | Iváncsa (Hungary 3) | Iváncsa, Hungary | 30 | Operational (commercial late 2024) | NMC | 2024 |
| CALB | Chengdu Base | Chengdu, Sichuan, China | 50 | Operational (phased) | NMC + LFP | 2022 |
| CALB | Sines, Portugal | Sines, Portugal | 15 | Construction (Op. 2028) | NMC + LFP | 2028 |
| Gotion | Manteno, Illinois | Manteno, IL, USA | 40 | Construction | LFP | 2026 |
| Gotion | Big Rapids, Michigan | Big Rapids, MI, USA | 30 | CANCELLED (Oct 2025) | LFP | - |
| EVE Energy | Debrecen, Hungary | Debrecen, Hungary | 28 | Construction (Op. 2027) | NMC 46-series | 2027 |
| Sunwoda | Nyiregyhaza | Nyiregyhaza, Hungary | 20 | Construction (Op. end-2026) | NMC | 2026 |
| Northvolt (acquired by Lyten Aug 2025) | Ett (Skellefteå) | Skellefteå, Sweden | 30 | CLOSED Jun 2025 (Lyten restart TBD) | NMC → Li-S planned | - |
| Northvolt (acquired by Lyten) | Drei (Heide) | Heide, Germany | 60 | STALLED (Lyten review) | TBD | - |
| Tesla (captive) | Gigafactory Nevada (4680) | Sparks, NV, USA | 100 | Operational (ramping) | NMC (4680) | 2022 |
| Tesla (captive) | Gigafactory Texas | Austin, TX, USA | 100 | Operational (ramping) | NMC (4680) | 2023 |
| Tesla (captive) | Giga Berlin (cell line) | Grünheide, Germany | 18 | Construction (Op. H1 2027) | NMC (4680) | 2027 |
Battery Cell Format Comparison
The four EV battery cell formats (prismatic, cylindrical, pouch, blade) compared on energy density, cost, cycle life, and manufacturers.
| Format | Energy Density | Cost/kWh | Cycle Life | Key Users | Pros | Cons |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prismatic | 200–280 Wh/kg | $85–110 | 2,000–6,000 cycles | CATL, BYD, Samsung SDI, CALB | High packing efficiency, good structural rigidity, easy CTP/CTC integration | Swelling under cycling, more complex manufacturing than cylindrical |
| Cylindrical | 250–300 Wh/kg | $80–105 | 1,500–4,000 cycles | Panasonic, LG, Samsung SDI, Tesla, EVE Energy | Mature manufacturing, excellent energy density, good safety (small individual cell failure impact) | Lower packing efficiency (round in square space), complex wiring for large packs |
| Pouch | 230–300 Wh/kg | $90–120 | 1,500–3,500 cycles | LG Energy Solution, SK On | Flexible form factor, lightest packaging, excellent thermal management | Requires structural support, swelling risk, more expensive packaging |
| Blade (LFP) | 150–180 Wh/kg | $60–80 | 4,000–8,000+ cycles | BYD (exclusive) | Exceptional safety, lowest cost, longest cycle life, structural battery integration | Lower energy density than NMC, BYD proprietary format |
CATL Lithium-Ion Sales: Power vs Energy Storage
CATL's own GWh sales split, 2023 to 2025. Power (EV) batteries remain the bulk, but energy-storage sales reached 121 GWh in 2025. These are cell/system sales, not factory nameplate.
IEA Battery Cell Manufacturing Capacity, 2024
Global nameplate cell capacity reached 3.3 TWh in 2024, about three times EV plus storage demand. China holds about 85%. The United States surpassed the EU and now has more than 200 GWh installed.
Prefer Sterling in Google
Add sterlingcharts.com as a preferred source so our charts can appear with a preferred badge in Google Top Stories, AI Mode, and AI Overviews.