Power Swap Station 1.0 unveiled at Beijing Auto Show; 3-minute battery swap demonstration on ES8 SUV positions NIO's BaaS (Battery-as-a-Service) model as a hedge against ICE refueling time vs charging duration

First commercial Power Swap Station 1.0 opens at Shenzhen-Guangzhou expressway service area; first-ever public passenger-car battery swap station globally - 3-minute swap time aimed at long-distance travel anxiety

Power Swap Station 2.0 launches with 13-battery capacity and full-auto driver-stays-in-car operation; throughput 312 swaps/day - 4x improvement over PSS 1.0 attendant-operated stations

First Power Swap Station opens in Norway (Lier) marking entry into Europe; NIO's BaaS thesis crosses borders into the world's most EV-saturated market

Power Swap Station 3.0 unveiled with 21 battery slots and 30% faster swap time (~5 min); 408 swaps/day throughput at 16% lower civil-works cost than PSS 2.0

Crosses 2,000 battery swap stations across China and Europe; reaches scale where 90% of NIO owners live within 3 km of a swap station in tier-1 cities

Strategic battery-swap interoperability deal with Geely (Zeekr/Lynk), Changan, JAC, and Chery; first cross-brand passenger swap alliance with shared battery standards - NIO opens proprietary network

Power Swap Station 4.0 launched with 23 battery slots and ~144-second swap time (22% faster than PSS 3.0); 480 swaps/day with 6 LiDAR + 4 Orin-X chips on board for fully autonomous robotic swap

Crosses 2,600 battery swap stations and 23,000+ chargers across China and Europe; sites now in every county of 27 mainland Chinese provinces

Power Swap Station 5.0 launched in 2026 plan announced; first 5C-capable swap with 600 kW liquid-cooled HPC stalls integrated into the swap site - hybrid battery-swap + charging concept

Crosses 100M battery swaps lifetime - first global operator to hit nine-figure swap milestone, averaging 60K+ daily swaps across 3,790 stations