T2D: A1c Reduction Across Pivotal Trials
Mean A1c reduction (percentage points) in pivotal type-2 diabetes trials. Tirzepatide leads at every dose; older agents anchor the low end.
Updated at 2026-05-22
Obesity: Placebo-Adjusted Weight Loss
Pivotal and Phase 2 obesity trials ranked by placebo-adjusted weight loss (%), color-coded by drug mechanism. Trial durations vary (13-72 weeks).
Updated at 2026-05-22
SELECT: MACE Reduction in CVD + Overweight/Obesity
The SELECT trial (NEJM 2023): semaglutide 2.4mg vs placebo in 17,604 CVD patients with overweight/obesity. The 20% MACE reduction drove Wegovy's CV label.
| Endpoint | HR | 95% CI | Forest plot (0.5 to 1.5) | Reduction |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MACE (CV death + non-fatal MI + non-fatal stroke) | 0.80 | 0.72 to 0.90 | 20% | |
| Non-fatal myocardial infarction | 0.72 | 0.61 to 0.85 | 28% | |
| Cardiovascular death | 0.85 | 0.71 to 1.01 | 15% | |
| Non-fatal stroke | 0.93 | 0.74 to 1.15 | 7% | |
| All-cause mortality | 0.81 | 0.71 to 0.93 | 19% | |
| Heart failure composite | 0.82 | 0.71 to 0.96 | 18% |
Updated at 2026-05-22
FLOW: Kidney Outcomes in T2D + CKD
FLOW (NEJM 2024) randomized 3,533 patients with T2D plus CKD to semaglutide 1mg vs placebo over 3.4-year median follow-up. The 24% reduction in the primary composite endpoint led to FDA approval for semaglutide CKD in January 2025.
| Endpoint | HR | 95% CI | Forest plot (0.5 to 1.5) | Reduction |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Primary composite (kidney failure + sustained 50% eGFR loss + kidney/CV death) | 0.76 | 0.66 to 0.88 | 24% | |
Kidney-specific composite | 0.79 | 0.66 to 0.94 | 21% | |
Cardiovascular events (MACE) | 0.82 | 0.68 to 0.98 | 18% | |
All-cause mortality | 0.80 | 0.67 to 0.95 | 20% | |
Annual eGFR slope (mL/min/1.73m2/yr) Improvement in slope (less decline) vs placebo | 1.16 | 0.86 to 1.47 | 16% |
Updated at 2026-05-22
SURMOUNT-OSA: Tirzepatide AHI Reduction in Obese OSA
SURMOUNT-OSA trial: AHI (apnea events per hour) at baseline vs end on tirzepatide vs placebo in obese OSA patients, across two 52-week studies.
Updated at 2026-05-22
MASH: Fibrosis Improvement and MASH Resolution by Mechanism
Paired liver-biopsy endpoints (fibrosis improvement and MASH resolution) across the main MASH agents. Resmetirom (Rezdiffra) is the only FDA-approved option to date.
Updated at 2026-05-31
Pediatric and Adolescent (ages 12 to 17)
Mean placebo-adjusted body-weight reduction (%) in adolescent (ages 12 to 17) GLP-1 obesity trials, with trial status.
Updated at 2026-05-22
Emerging Indications Pipeline
Disease areas beyond the core seven where GLP-1 has material trial activity, with the sponsor, trial, and readout window for each.
| Indication | Trial | Sponsor | Readout |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alzheimer's disease | EVOKE / EVOKE+ (oral semaglutide 14mg, Phase 3) | Novo Nordisk | Reported Nov 2025 |
| Alcohol use disorder (AUD) | Phase 2 RCT (JAMA Psychiatry 2025) + observational | NIH-NIAAA + investigator-initiated | 2025 to 2027 |
| Opioid use disorder (OUD) | Phase 1 and 2 investigator trials | NIH-NIDA + academic | 2027+ |
| Parkinson's disease | Exenatide-PD3 (Phase 3); LIXIPARK lixisenatide (Phase 2) | Academic + NIH | Reported 2024 to 2025 |
| Heart failure (HFpEF) | STEP-HFpEF (sema, published); SUMMIT (tirz, published) | Novo Nordisk; Eli Lilly | Published 2023 to 2024 |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) | Phase 2 investigator + off-label use | Academic | 2027+ |
| Mortality in non-CVD populations | Real-world cohort studies (Truveta, claims) | Reinsurers + academic | Continuous |
Updated at 2026-05-31